Churchill & Turkey

[Kyt]

Was watching Rick Stein last night whilst he ate his way around Turkey, and one part caught my attention. He visited the railway carriage in which Churchill and Turkish President Inönü met in 1943 to discuss Turkey's possible entry into the war.

Did a bit of digging:

After the death of Atatürk, Inönü was seen as the most appropriate candidate to succeed him, and was elected as the second President of the Republic of Turkey.

World War II broke out in the first year of his presidency, and both the Allies and the Axis started to put pressure on Inönü to bring Turkey into the war on their side. The Germans sent Franz von Papen to Ankara, while Winston Churchill secretly met with Inönü inside a train wagon near Adana on January 30, 1943.

Inönü later met with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference on December 4-6, 1943. Until 1941, both Roosevelt and Churchill thought that Turkey's continuing neutrality would serve the interests of the Allies by blocking the Axis from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the Middle East. But the early victories of the Axis up to the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt and Churchill to re-evaluate a possible Turkish participation in the war on the side of the Allies.

Turkey had maintained a decently-sized Army and Air Force throughout the war, and Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the Balkans. Roosevelt, on the other hand, still believed that a Turkish attack would be too risky, and an eventual Turkish failure would have disastrous effects for the Allies. Inönü knew very well the hardships which his country had suffered during 11 years of incessant war between 1911 and 1922 and was determined to keep Turkey out of another war as long as he could.

Inönü also wanted assurances on financial and military aid for Turkey, as well as a guarantee that the United States and the United Kingdom would stand beside Turkey in case of a Soviet invasion of the Turkish Straits after the war. The fear of a Soviet invasion and Stalin's unconcealed desire to control the Turkish Straits eventually caused Turkey to give up its principle of neutrality in foreign relations and join NATO in 1952.

Perhaps the biggest political achievement of Inönü was keeping his country out of World War II until February 1945, when Turkey entered the war on the side of the Allies against Germany and Japan.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0s...n%C3%B6n%C3%BC

[Kyt]

CHURCHILL'S SECRET WAR: DIPLOMATIC DECRYPTS: THE FOREIGN OFFICE AND TURKEY, 1942-44

Spectator Mar 1, 1997

Why was Churchill so convinced that Turkey would become an ally during the second world war? This colossal misconception has never been properly explained. The Public Record Office has recently released voluminous diplomatic decrypts shedding fresh light on Churchill's attitude to Turkey. Robin Denniston's conclusion, after meticulous research, is that the new material, interesting as it is, should not alter the accepted view of Churchill's policy towards Turkey. The Prime Minister's biggest wartime eccentricity was his belief that Turkey was on the brink of coming into the war on the Allied side.

With strange optimism Churchill, flouting the views of the Foreign Office and the Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden, convinced himself that through his personal influence he could persuade the Turkish President Ismet Inonu to bring Turkey into the war against Germany. He overestimated the importance of the Turco-Franco-British agreement of 1939 which had been concluded in haste to prevent Mussolini's aggression in Albania extending to Turkish possessions, and had been nullified by the collapse of France in 1940.

James Marshall-Cornwall was the only senior general who spoke Turkish. In November 1940 Churchill removed him from his job as Corps Commander in Britain and sent him with a military mission to Ankara with the hopeless task of persuading the Turks to enter the war as allies of the British. Arriving in Cairo, Cornwall found the Commander, Archie Wavell, rigidly opposed to such an alliance because he could spare no forces for Turkey. During the conversations in Ankara the Turks were solely interested in regaining possession of parts of Syria and the Dodecanese islands and extracting as much war material as possible from the British. While the talks were in progress Churchill suddenly suggested direct to Inonu that ten squadrons of fighters and bombers could be transferred from Egypt to Turkish airfields to bomb the Romanian airfields. The offer was politely refused. The mission was still in Ankara in April 1941 when Germany declared war on Greece and Yugoslavia, whereupon Cornwall made a final appeal to Inonu to enter the war before Germany overran the whole of the Balkans and would be poised to invade the Turkish territory of Thrace. On the same day came news that the Germans had recaptured Benghazi. It was an inauspicious moment and Inonu told Cornwall, `We are far more use to you as a friendly neutral country.' Cornwall recorded, `Inwardly I could not have agreed with him more.'

Churchill was displeased with Cornwall's lack of enthusiasm and perhaps this is why the general never obtained another high wartime command. In place of Cornwall Churchill sent Anthony Eden twice to Ankara later in 1941 to bully or lure Inonu into war. Eden had no more success than Cornwall, and Churchill became so obsessed with inducing Turkey to become an ally that he took control of affairs personally and on his own initiative went to Turkey in January 1943 to meet Inonu . On the day Inonu and Churchill met the Russian victory at Stalingrad was announced.

It was a propitious moment because the tide had turned with the Russian advances, the defeat of the Axis in the western desert, and the Anglo-American landings in North Africa. Churchill and Inonu got on splendidly but the wily Turks were not going to be drawn into the war; they were too scared of the Luftwaffe demolishing Istanbul and the German army overrunning Thrace. All the meeting achieved was the despatch of a British military mission to train the Turkish army to use the few British weapons which could be spared for them and to develop aerodromes and ports. Still, Churchill left an aura of goodwill behind -- which proved useful when the Germans overran the Dodecanese and the Turks helped the defeated British to escape.

After the Italian surrender in September 1943 Churchill was agog to throw the Germans out of Rhodes and the Dodecanese so that the sea route to the Dardanelles could be opened, and he could erase from history his failure at Gallipoli in the first world war. He desperately wanted Turkish armed help. Alas for his plans, Rhodes, the key to the eastern Aegean, was lost to the Germans. Denniston considers that this British military failure was due to the Turks not helping and to command mismanagement. This is not correct. The British had an impossible task because of the disloyalty of the Italian troops on Rhodes who outnumbered the Germans by 17,000 to 6,000. Ties with fascism were too strong after 21 years of Mussolini's rule and they surrendered, refusing to honour the armistice terms and fight against the Germans. The Turks obligingly helped with the evacuation of the defeated British troops from the smaller Dodecanese islands, and allowed the British navy to shelter in Turkish territorial waters.

At the Cairo Conference in December 1943 Rhodes and the Dodecanese were irretrievably lost, but Churchill still hoped to bring Turkey into the war. Inonu agreed to make war preparations but he balked when it was suggested that allied personnel and aircraft should be infiltrated; he knew this could not be camouflaged and would be likely to produce an immediate declaration of war from Germany. Churchill even offered 20 squadrons of fighters and Roosevelt hinted at American warplanes.

In Cairo the Turks stalled hard and in January 1944 Churchill finally decided that nothing could be done with them because they believed they had more to gain from staying neutral. The vision of Turkey fighting so that the Dardanelles could be opened had become a will o' the wisp; neither Roosevelt nor Stalin had supported Churchill wholeheartedly.

The author, formerly a distinguished publisher, is now a priest; his admirable historical research confirms that Churchill completely misinterpreted Turkish intentions. Why Churchill, usually so pragmatic and clear-sighted, made this mistake remains one of the great mysteries of the second world war.

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/m...n8756773/print

[Kyt]

According to:

http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=94985

In 1938 the Turkish standing army had 20 000 officers and 174 000 men. Military service lasted for three years.

In 1939 the Turkish army was administrationally divided into three army inspectorates, nine corps, and one military governorship; the country's armed forces were composed of 20 infantry divisions, three brigades of mountain troops, one fortress brigade, and five cavalry divisions (including two reserve cavalry divisions) - altogether 132 regiments (60 infantry, six mountain troops, 21 cavalry, eight reserve cavalry, 20 field artillery, 10 heavy artillery, and seven fortress artillery).

In early 1941 Turkey established 17 corps headquarters, 43 divisions and three independent infantry brigades, two divisions and one independent cavalry brigade, as well as two mechanized divisions.

The armed forces were poorly equipped; weapons shipments from Germany, Great Britain, and U.S. did little to improve that condition.

Just before the onset of hostilities the Turkish navy underwent a program of expansion and modernization; two submarines were ordered for construction in Germany, two submarines and four destroyers were ordered for construction in U.K. Lesser vessels were also constructed in home shipyards. After Germany delivered one submarine in 1939, the Turkish navy contained 19 naval vessels and they included one armoured ship, one line cruiser, two light cruisers, two torpedo-boats, four destroyers, five submarines, and four other lesser ships (most vessels were obsolete); with a total displacement of 55 775 tonnes (the number of naval personnel stood at 9 200).

The real combat value of the navy was insignificant. By the end of WWII, the navy had one battle cruiser, two cruisers, two gunboats, three minesweepers, eight destroyers, 12 submarines, three motor torpedo boats, five minelayers, a surveying vessel, a depot ship, a fleet tug, a collier, and an oiler.

By 1940 the Turkish air force was composed of four air regiments (each regiment contained six air companies), and had in possession a total of 370 aircraft (it had 8 500 personnel).

Thanks to British and French shipments one more air regiment, along with five independent air wings, was formed in 1941. Shipments of military equipment from Germany replaced the shipments from Allied countries in the same year.

Close to the end of the war, two air force divisions were organized; they together contained 15 air wings (or 30 flights). The Turkish armed forces did not participated in any military operations of WWII.

[Kyt]

I started a thread on rafcommands about Turkish aircrew training with the RAF during WW2. If anyone is interested:

Turkish Casualties - RafCommands Forums

[Brian S]

The Turks gave great assistance by turning a blind eye to MI9 efforts to pick up British and Commonwealth Evaders after the fall of Greece and Crete. Many hundreds passed through Turkey and rejoined the Middle East Forces.
There is a very interesting file at TNA that gives a list of such escapes and how they were achieved. From memory the first report is made by a Commando who's one line description was "swam to Turkey".
The File is AIR20/2330.

Brian

[Antipodean Andy]

Yes, many Beaufighter crews also headed for Turkey as described in Nesbit's Armed Rovers. I'm still reading about 454 Sqn who operated mainly over the eastern Med before going to Italy. No mention of finding refuge in Turkey yet but will post if I come across it.

[spidge]

There were quite a few countries whose governments played both sides of the fence.